I kept having to hunt through wp-includes/class-wp-customize-manager.php to see what the default sections in the theme customizer were registered as.
To save you the trouble, here they are:

title_tagline
$this->add_section( 'title_tagline', array(
'title' => __( 'Site Title & Tagline' ),
'priority' => 20,
) );
colors
$this->add_section( 'title_tagline', array(
'title' => __( 'Site Title & Tagline' ),
'priority' => 20,
) );
header_image
$this->add_section( 'header_image', array(
'title' => __( 'Header Image' ),
'theme_supports' => 'custom-header',
'priority' => 60,
) );
background_image
$this->add_section( 'background_image', array(
'title' => __( 'Background Image' ),
'theme_supports' => 'custom-background',
'priority' => 80,
) );
nav
$this->add_section( 'nav', array(
'title' => __( 'Navigation' ),
'theme_supports' => 'menus',
'priority' => 100,
'description' => sprintf( _n('Your theme supports %s menu. Select which menu you would like to use.', 'Your theme supports %s menus. Select which menu appears in each location.', $num_locations ), number_format_i18n( $num_locations ) ) . "\n\n" . __('You can edit your menu content on the Menus screen in the Appearance section.'),
) );
static_front_page
$this->add_section( 'static_front_page', array(
'title' => __( 'Static Front Page' ),
// 'theme_supports' => 'static-front-page',
'priority' => 120,
'description' => __( 'Your theme supports a static front page.' ),
) );
If you’re not sure how to add options to these default sections, give Otto’s post a read.